PHOTOGRAPHY
I.NTRODUCTION
In consonance with the national policy of education for self-reliance, this syllabus is hinged on the need to develop the fundamental principles of imaginative, scientific and creative knowledge and dexterity in students in order to develop self-awareness and expression through the use of their hands and brain in producing photographic works.
OBJECTIVES
This syllabus is designed to test candidates' ability to:
i.express ideas, feelings, emotions and moods through a variety of photography (scientific and creative growth);
ii.demonstrate the proper use of photography tools, equipment and materials;
iii.understand and appreciate works of photography;
iv.demonstrate skill and competence as regards higher education in photography;
v.demonstrate interest in future vocation in photography; and
vi.use photography in other areas and the society at large.
STRUCTURE OF THE EXAMINATION
This subject is divided into TWO (2) parts: I and II.
Both papers are COMPULSORY for the students.
PAPER 1:8 hours (4 hours each day)
This is COMPULSORY and consists of TWO sections: A and B. Section A is REPORT WRITING and will last for 2 hours while section B is PRACTICAL for 6 hours. Report writing carries 20 marks while Practical attracts 50 marks.
NOTE that candidates are expected to write a report before they can proceed to execute the practical work.
PAPER 2:(As fixed by the Council)
This paper is also COMPULSORY. It is a holistic presentation of all the practical works in an organized exhibition that reveals the progression in the candidates' works from SS 1- 3.
This paper carries 30 marks.
The questions must cover the following topics:
-general history of photography
-history of photography in Nigeria
-types of cameras usage, parts
-camera maintenance
-darkroom ethics, equipment and usage
-chemistry of photography
-basic physics in photography
-career prospects in photography
-printing methods in photography
-photograph preservation techniques
-composition in photography
1.Introduction to photography: definition, light-drawing (photo-graphic) relevance to immediate and universal needs.
2.Importance of photography: importance of photography to: media advertising, news reporting and as an art form.
3.History of photography: history traced to the era of Daguerre, Niecephore, John Schulz, William Fox, Talbot etc, up to 1940s.Photography history in Nigeria Post Independence. Contemporary photographers in Nigeria: Sunmi Smart-Cole, .J.D.OkhaiOjikibire, Ameize Oji Kibire, George Oshodi, Yinka, Sonibare, John Ogene etc
4.Areas of photography: this should cover areas like war, documentary, forensic/medical, nature, marine, sports, architectural and aerial photography.
5.Photography terminologies: discussion on basic photographic terms like exposure, film processing, printing, photogram enlargement, aperture, lens etc.
6.Sources of light: natural (sun, moon and the stars) artificial (flash studio lighting equipment).
7.Properties of light: basic physics principles of light such as: absorption, reflection, refraction and dispersion.
8.Basic principle of camera: light sensitive registration surface, image inversion, f-stop, viewing system etc.
9.Basic parts of camera: basic parts such as lens, shutter, shutter release, view finder, film advance etc.
10.Camera types: single lens reflex (SLR) and the non-reflex (twin lens reflex), polaroid, miniature etc.
11.Care of camera: methods of caring and protecting the camera from water, oil, dust, falling and unprofessional handling.
12.The nature of film: plastic silver iodide and liquid emulsion.
13.Film types: black and white, coloured, format, sizes and sheets.
14.Film speed: speed in ASA(American Standard Association) 100,200,400 etc.
Shooting preparation: loading film into the camera, preparing the object/subject/model, setting up lighting equipment and weather study.
Shot taking in photography: indoor and outdoor.
Composition: line, shape, space, tone and colour. Study from nature (plant, animals, fruits and landscape), still life, portraiture (adult, children and mixed group).
Darkroom: dry and wet areas, safety awareness, ventilation, electricity, water, working surface.
19.Darkroom tools and equipment: measuring beakers, funnels, timers, safe light, enlarger, developing tank, dryer, various trays and containers. Gloves, apron/lab coat, chemical usage and handling.
20.Creative printing: different techniques in photography printing: stencilling, contact prints, masting and photogram etc.
21.Material and equipment for printing photographs: equipment require for printing different sizes of photograph (e.g. enlarger, safelight, light sensitive paper and film, printing frame, development reagent various trays/containers, table/hand dryer and guillotine).
22.Printing process: printing of photograph with contact print method, with enlarger and adopting the use of reagents in sequential order of printing process.
23.Drying and storage of photographs: process of drying, storing printed photographs. Emphasize when and how to dry and when and how to store different photographs e.g. black/white and coloured photographs.
24.Basic principle of lenses: lenses as a component of cameras, basic principle for choice of lenses, types of lenses (e.g. refraction, convergence and divergence with lenses).
25.Lens and aperture: lens, aperture, relationship between lens and aperture. Focal length (e.g. long, normal and short). Aperture (e.g. f-stop).
26.Types of camera lenses: various camera lenses (e.g. wide angle, harrow, zoom, standard etc). Digital photography.
27.Emergence of digital photography: introduction and history of digital photography from early 1980s till date.
28.Digital photography equipment: identification and uses. (e.g. digital camera, software, USB cables, means of generating power, computer system and printer.)
29.Digital photography software: upload and download of photographs from digital camera and computer system. Use of photoshop, edit application and printing.
30.Input methods in digital photography: input devices: scanner, digital camera, compact disk (CD), flash drive zip etc.
31.Output methods in digital photography: output devices: printer, Internet, computer monitor etc.
32.Excursion to a photography studio- visit to any reputable photography studio where students can see, feel, touch, smell and learn additional facts. Classroom discussion on the gains from the trip.
33.Excursion to a photographic colour laboratory- visit to a reliably equipped photography colour laboratory. Classroom discussion on the gains from the trip.
PAPER 2: EXHIBITION OF PRACTICAL WORKS
This paper is a visual presentation of all the practical works done by the student within the duration of three (3) years i.e. SS1- SS3 in a well-organized exhibition. The number of progressive works expected of each student should be in the areas of Composition, Nature study, Still Life and Portraiture in an academic session. This makes the total number of works to be submitted to the Council for grading to be twelve (12); covering the three years under focus. The works on display should bring to the fore the following:
-display technique (mounting and framing),
-adequacy of materials,
-technical proficiency (good finishing) and
-general aesthetics
TERMINOLOGIES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
Aberrations | Converging meniscus | Hardener | Rubber gloves |
Absorption | Developer | Illumination | Scanner |
Adult | Dark room | Image | Shooting |
Aerial Image | Dispersion | Infinity | Shutter |
Agitation of developer | Digital | Infra-red | Shutter release |
Analog | Dryer | Iris | Studio |
Apron | Developing tank | Intensity | Timer |
Artificial light | Dry area | Light | Tripod |
Aperture | Electromagnetic | Light tight box | Umbrella (Coated) |
Bellow shutter finder | Enlarger | Magnification | View |
Blocking out angle | Exhibition | Mercury paper | Wide |
Bounce light | Exposure | Monobath | Zoom |
Board | Fixer | Mounting | |
Bulbs | Film | Negative | |
Cellophane jackets | Finishing | Nodal point | |
Camera | Filters | Opacity |
Catalogue
Colour
Computer system
Compact disc
Carlon
Camera bag
Cardboard
Circle of confusion
Close up
Condensation
Contact paper
Flash
Fluorescent
Focal length
Focal plane
Focus
Funnel
Gamma
Gelatin
Glass coating
Harrow angle
Halogen
Optics
Out of focus
Oxidation
Panchromatic
Panning
Parallax
Photogram
Photometer
Photo paper
Polaroid
Rinsing
List of Materials
(1)The schools should purchase at least one SLR (single lens reflex) camera each.
(2)Developing bags in the absence of photographic darkroom.
(3)Construction of photography darkroom
(4)Stock of Developer, fixer and bleaching reagents.
(5)Developing tanks
(6)Calibrated beaker.
(7)Thermometer (dial or bulb type).
(8)Printing tongs.
(9)Cloth pins.
(10)Stop watch
(11)30 by 25 cm trays (3 pieces).
(12)Scissors
(13)Towels
(14)Cotton wool
(15)Running water
(16)Hand gloves (surgical)
(17)Hand guillotine
(18)Plastic buckets (6)
(19)White handkerchief
(20)Red bulbs
(21)Clean plain Glass (45 by 60 cm)
RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS
Goldsmith, A. (1960) How to take better Pictures New York: Arco Publishing Co. Inc.
Langford, M.J. (1977) Basic Photography. London. The Focal Press
Ashade, Segun (1996) Planning Electronic Media Production From Concept to Transmission. Ibadan: Jedidiah.
Hattersley, R. (1976) Beginner's Guide To Darkroom Techniques. Great Britain: Lowe & Brydone Printers Ltd.
Holtz, John. (1980) In Focus. A Rated Guide to The Best in Photographic equipment. United State of America: Quarto Marketing, Ltd.
Mittler, G.A. (2000) Art In Focus. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.
Osho, S.A. (2007) Graphic Arts and Design in Mass Communication. Second edition. Abeokuta: Ess-oh Consult Pub.
Uzoagba, I.N. (1982) Understanding Art In General Education. 3rd edition. Onitsha: Africana-Feb, Pub.Ltd.